In the late 1990s, the Meta Group, now part of Gartner, came up with the definition of the CRM Ecosystem. This is our take based on the latest CRM 2.0 developments.
Operational CRM
Operational CRM is the combination of applications & processes that manage customer transactions such as campaigns, sales, order entry, customer service, warranties, collections & post-sales, among many others. Operational CRM provides support to "front office" business processes, e.g. to sales, marketing and service staff. Interactions with customers are generally stored in customers' contact histories, and staff can retrieve customer information as necessary.
The contact history provides staff members with immediate access to important information on the customer (products owned, prior support calls etc.), eliminating the need to individually obtain this information directly from the customer. Consequently, many call centers use some form of CRM software.
Analytical CRM
Analytical CRM is the combination of applications & processes that help understand customer trends, metrics and behavior using data modeling, data mining, data quality, and marketing automation techniques. Analytical CRM analyzes customer data for a variety of purposes:
- Designing and executing targeted marketing campaigns
- Designing and executing campaigns, e.g. customer acquisition, cross-selling, up-selling
- Analyzing customer behavior in order to make decisions relating to products and services (e.g. pricing, product development)
- Management decisions (e.g. financial forecasting and customer profitability analysis)
- Analytical CRM generally makes heavy use of data mining.
Interactive CRM
Interactive CRM is the combination of applications & processes that manage customer interactions via the website, call center, email, offices, events, direct mail, SMS & account statements, among others. Interactive CRM covers aspects of a company's dealings with customers that are handled by various departments within a company, such as sales, technical support and marketing. Staff members within the departments can share information collected when interacting with customers.
Collaborative CRM
Collaborative CRM is the combination of applications & processes that help collaborate and promote a dialogue between the brand and the customer to help with product innovation, viral marketing & word-of-mount using blogs, microblogging, social networks (public & private), social bookmarketing, among other social media toolsets (user generated content, RSS, comments, ideas, videos, photos, tagging, etc.
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